Not Risk Averse Essay Online For Free - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2202 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Research paper Tags: Risk Essay Did you like this example? I often hear finance managers say an investment related proverb that goes like this; be risk diverse, not risk adverse. An inquisitive, or even not so inquisitive mind may wonder what does this concept really mean? and why is it so important when investing? This paper seeks to provide answers to the querying mind and to explain, not only by definition but also via demonstration the importance of having a diversified portfolio. It will also include reasons why investors should be risk diverse and not risk adverse. Part 1: Diversification, Risk Management Market Cycles Investopedia defines diversification as a technique that reduces risk  by allocating investments among various financial instruments, industries and other categories. Its main aim is to maximize returns hence the reason it is invested in different area that will each react differently when exposed to similar conditions. . In short, diversification denotes the old saying dont put your eggs in one basket. The article some sample portfolios emphasized the importance of having a diversified portfolio. It sees diversification as the spreading of ones money among various sorts of investments to limit risk and maximize growth potential. These investments are primarily categorized by stocks, bonds and cash. Most investment professionals agree that, although it does not guarantee against loss, diversification is the most important component of reaching long-range financial goals while minimizing risk (Investopedia). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Not Risk Averse Essay Online For Free" essay for you Create order Risk Management If one caught a whale the first time he or she ever picked up a fishing pole, perhaps theyd think of themselves as being lucky. If they year after year they reeled it back in with the same result, theyre assume that pond was the right place to be. Likewise, investors who purchased their first stock during one of the most extraordinary bull market in history (1982 -1999) conditioned themselves to believe that their pond (the equity market) was the correct place to be for year to year returns. What these investors discovered later though is the fact that markets move in cycles and like fishermen, they must monitor and adapt to the changing conditions. More than 100 years of equity market history has shown that there are uncertain cyclical movements in the market. With that fact being established, it is paramount that investors prepare for risk and build a portfolio that can withstand any economic environment. In doing so, they (the investors) should diversify among assets that hav e been historically proven to be defensive against risks that may be encountered in the three major economic environments; noninflationary growth, inflationary growth and recession. The article Rethinking Risk states that a properly diversified portfolio can help preserve principal while taking advantage of opportunities that arise as the economy transitions across cycles. While history repeatedly shows the cyclical movements of the market, many investors today view bull markets as normal and therefore tend to chase returns at the expense of risk management with the reason being, prior to 2000s; no person significant losses were experienced. The term baby boomer is used to describe the generation that lived through the bear market (1966 to 1982). These boomers began to seriously invest during the bull period from 1982 1999. There they had consistently gained high levels of return with low volatility. What many of these investors faired wasnt losing money; rather it was missing o ut on gains. For those who considered the bull markets to be the norm, the two bear markets of 2000s really did come as a shocker. Investors are therefore advised to rethink their assumptions about the equity market as it related to investing and risk. All investments involve risks. The closer the investor is to retirement the riskier the asset becomes because their compensation, savings and assets will generally decrease (outliving savings). Phases of Investing Asset Accumulation Pre-Retirement Retirement Time until retirement 10+ years Less than 10 years Retired Risks -Not enough growth to out space inflation -Losses may lead to abandoning strategy -Lots to lose and less time to recover -Purchasing power -Inflation -Portfolio longevity -Limited contributions Diversification It is important that investors prepare themselves in the event that for one of the economic environment were to occur. Different asset classes have historically outperformed during different economic environments, hence portfolio diversification is importance when one intends to pursue financial goals across market cycles. Diversification is the key to risk management. As aforementioned, it is simply investing in a variety of assets which in turn assures investors that if a situation like the bull market fails and some asset classes were to fall, other assets in the portfolio will be able to offer stability. Analysis of the markets history indicates that the allocation of assets needs a logical approach with sound knowledge of risk. In the 1990s the market moved upward and hence investors, due to their growth potential were attracted to stocks within the technology and communications industries. Technology then went downhill causing the investor that invested only in that sector to pay the price. When the market recommenced its gain between 2003 and 2007, investors no longer invested in one sector; rather, they included international and emerging markets stocks and private equity to their portfolios. But as we can remember, when the market went into recession in 2007, all the asset classed plummeted together. What happened then can be simply explained. In the investors quest of returns, they evaded assets such as cash and long term government bonds that offered lower growth potential than of equity but they have been proven to withstand the pressure of recession. What happened there therefore was a case which involved them diversifying their sources of returns but failed to do so according to risk. Investors should therefore diversify among asset classes that have been proven to defend against risks that may arise from the three major economic environments mentioned earlier. Equities and other equity-like investments have historically been proven to perform well when noninflationary growth is existent. These investments seek growth, which helps protect against shortfall risks in retirement. Currency hedged government bonds and cash are investors best market downturn defense during recessionary periods. While the fact that they lower growth potential is evident, they are also good defendants of steep market loss risks. Commodities have during inflationary periods, revealed its capabilities of protecting against the risk the inflation poses towards corroding ones buying power. Commodities are unpredictable and may not meet the suitability requirements of all investors. The table below taken from Invesco Portfolio Principles: Rethinking Risk, shows the annualized performance of various asset classes stating from the year, 1929. The data is presented within six time periods that represents five distinct market environments. The importance of Diversification Time Frame 1929- 41 (13 yrs) 1942 65 (24 yrs) 1966- 81 (16yrs) 1973- 81 (9yrs) 1982-99 (18yrs) 2000 -09 (10yrs) Market Environment Deflation Low-inflationary growth Inflation Low inflationary growth Credit Supply Reduction* Corporate bonds 6.30% Stocks 15.93% Inflation 6.93% Commodities 16.87% Stocks 18.77% Long-term government bonds 8.81% Long-term government bonds 4.76% Inflation 3.05% T-Bills 6.38% Inflation 9.32% Corporate bonds 13.61% Corporate bonds 7.01% T-Bills 0.82% Corporate bonds 2.61% Stocks 6.35% T-Bills 7.53% Long-term govtbonds13.51% T -Bills 3.02% Inflation -1.60% Long-term govtbonds2.16% Corporate bonds 3.07% Stocks 6.11% Commodities 7.63% Inflation 2.60% Stocks -2.47% T- Bills 1.61% Long-term govt bonds 2.57% Corporate bonds 2.86% T-Bills 6.30% Commodities 2.28% Commodities index was not incepted Long-term govt bonds 2.84% Inflation 3.32% Stocks -4.00% The period den oted by * did not represent true deflationary period because consumer prices did not fall. The reduction in credit supply however led to economic contractions somewhat similar to what would be experienced in a deflationary environment. Sources: Ibbotson, Lipper Inc. Stocks are represented by the SP500 Index; inflation by the consumer Price Index; Commodities by the SP 500 GSCI Index; long-term government bonds by the Ibbotson U.S. Long-Term Government Bond Index; T-Bills by the Ibbotson U.S. 30 Day T-Bill Index; and corporate bonds by the Ibbotson U.S. Long-term Corporate Bond Index. An Investment cannot be made directly in an index. Past performance is not a guaranteed future result. Part 2: Risk adversity vs. Risk Diversity Risk is often defined as a measure of the probability and severity of adverse effects [Lowrance 1976]. It is the fundamental of investment and is also very essential. An investor trade to make money, and the only way that can happen is by taking some form of risk. If excessive risk is taken however, it can be very disastrous. There is nothing wrong with being risk adverse (risk friendly), however, problems exist where there is undiversified risk in a portfolio that may lead to it being risk-free hence return-free. Must I note that there is nothing wrong with an investor that is both willing and able to take a more that average level of risk, however, it must be done rationally. It must also be noted that a higher risk level does not signify putting all your eggs in one basket since higher-risk portfolios are customarily comprised of various classes of assets that are sensibly managed. Risk adverse investors dislike risk, as a result, they tend to avoid adding high risk investmen ts to their portfolio which will consequently make them lose higher rates of return opportunities. Such safer investments seeker investors generally prefer investments with low returns such as index funds and government bonds. The Risk Reward trade off Financial Dictionary defines risk reward tradeoff as The concept that every rational investor, at a given level of risk, will accept only the largest expected return. In a circumstance where two investments are given at the same risk level, ceteris paribus, rational investors will chose the asset that with the highest return. It is because of this concept; riskier bonds pay a higher coupon rate and bonds pay lower returns than that of stocks reason being that bond investments are safer because they are less risky. (Finance-Dictionary). It is basically deciding the amount of risk one can take when developing their portfolio. The risk-return tradeoff is the balance an investor must decide on between the desires for the lowest possible risk for the highest possible returnsÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ low levels of uncertainty (low risk) are associated with low potential returns and high levels of uncertainty (high risk) are associated with high potential returns (Investopedia). H ere is an example taken from Investopedia.com that explains how the risk-reward theory works. The risk-free rate of return is usually denoted by the quoted yield of U.S. Government Securities. For this purpose the risk-free rate is assumed to currently be 7%. Therefore, for having no established risk, an investor can earn 7% per year on his or her money. However if the index funds are averaging 13 -15.5% per year, no one will settle for 7%. It must be noted that index funds dont return 15.5% every year, instead they return -5% one year and 25% the next. Putting that example in simple terms, in order to receive higher returns, investors must be willing to take on considerably more risk. Sample Historical Portfolios The graph inserted below highlights the historical performances and risk of portfolios ranging from 100% stocks to 0% stocks. It shows the average return and standard deviation, which is also a measure of risk) for the portfolios individually. The data in this portfolio ranges from the period 1927 to 2007. (Crackerjack) The graph depicts the risk-return tradeoff where the higher the percentage of stock in the portfolio increases the returns and the risk. Higher returns symbolize the involvement of risk and obviously, a lowered risk level will signify lower returns. It is also good to note that as the investment fluctuated so did the range of returns. The Pie chart below represents a portfolio that I will recommend which consist of the allocation of 60% stocks Crakerjack The graph below highlights the historical returns for the portfolio above from 1927 to 2007 Crackerjack Facts about that portfolio From 1927 to 2007, the average annual return for a diversified 60% Stock portfolio was 9.5%. During any consecutive 3 years from 1927 to 2007, this portfolio lost money 8 times out of a possible 79 periods. In 2 of those 8 times, it lost less than 1.2% of its original value. The two worst 3 year periods were 1929-1931 and 1930-1932 (Great Depression), when the portfolio lost about 46% of its original value. From 1927 to 2007, the average annual return for a diversified 60% Stock portfolio was 9.5%. During any consecutive 3 years from 1927 to 2007, this portfolio lost money 8 times out of a possible 79 periods. In 2 of those 8 times, it lost less than 1.2% of its original value. The two worst 3 year periods were 1929-1931 and 1930-1932 (Great Depression), when the portfolio lost about 46% of its original value. (https://www.crackerjackgreenback.com/category/diversified-portfolios/) Recommendations When investing it is important that investors include securities from all the asset classes. This ensures at least a portion of the investors holdings is doing well. One can also invest in securities of the same asset class that are not affected by the same variables When investing it is advised that one should not invest in variables that may increase or decrease in price at the same time Diversified portfolios are less volatile with sounder returns so it is therefore advised that portfolios be diversified. Conclusion There is no success without risk. If people could have predicted the future, they would have known when there will be a recession, inflation or a great depression. Since predicting the future is virtually impossible investors have to let faith be their guide. They have to take the risk and wait to see how the market will play out. Risk is good, it is importantÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦it is essential.

Causes of Divorce Essay - 886 Words

Cause and Effect of Divorce In today’s society, divorce is more the norm than ever before. Forty percent of all marriages end in divorce. Divorce defined by Webster is the action or an instance of legally dissolving a marriage. Divorce itself is both a cause and effect. There are many causes of divorce. Some of the causes happen more often than others. For instance, the most common causes of divorce are poor communication, financial problems such as lack of money, lack of commitment to marriage, a dramatic change in priorities, infidelity, sexual indiscretion and the ease of getting a divorce. These are some of the most common causes of divorce. The effects of a divorce seem insurmountable when comparing the grief it causes on†¦show more content†¦The lack of money cause financial problems such as not being able to pay the bills, arguing over money and not being able to do extra activities such as going to the movies or eating out. (Divorce Cause and Effect) The past to present, people determined to live together, so they depend on each other. Some couples are unable to maintain their relationship; therefore they choose divorce, which is one of the solutions with problems between husband and wife. Most people should think carefully before they get married. The divorce rates continue to increase nowadays. There are other causes of divorce, changing women’s roles, stress in modern living and lack of communication. The first cause of the rate of divorce to increase is women change in roles. Men have to earn money to afford the expenses of the family. Most women only do housework. Women have no money leading to depend on the husband’s money. It is difficult for most women to separate from their husband. The equality between men and women in a role, because women can work outside to earn, while men can help with household duties such as cooking, cleaning, washing and caring for their children. The divorce rates rise . (Cause and Effect Essay - The Causes of Divorce) Another cause confirms the increase in divorce rate is stress in modern living. Many people have considered pressures to earn money. It seems the stress came since they were children. Most causes having an opportunity to find aShow MoreRelatedEssay on Main Causes of Divorce982 Words   |  4 PagesHowever, fifty percent of these couples cannot seem to fulfill their marriage vows. As a result, they choose to get a divorce. Divorce is very easy to do nowadays unlike the past. Statistics show that the four main causes of divorce are: financial difficulty, women are more independent, infidelity, and couples are getting married at a young age. The number one cause for divorce is financial difficulty, before a couple enters a marriage they have their own bills and spending habits, they do notRead MoreEssay on Main Causes of Divorce609 Words   |  3 Pagescouples are unable to maintain their relationship and they get a divorce; which is one of the solutions to solve the problems between husband and wife. Most people think carefully before they get married however the divorce rates are continuously increasing. There are three main causes of divorce: changing in woman’s roles, stress in modern living, and lack of communication. The first significant cause of recent rise in the rates of divorce is a woman’s role being completely changed. In the past, menRead MoreThe Causes and Consequences of Divorce Essay805 Words   |  4 PagesThe Causes and Consequences of Divorce Aims In this coursework I wish to deeply look into what are the reasons for marriage break-ups which consequently lead to divorce and even more consequently one-parent families. I also want to ask the question about the dependant children in nuclear families. Also another main important area to investigate is which age couples are more likely to have a marriage break-up, and further more I will look at the development ofRead More The Causes And Effects Of Divorce Essay1245 Words   |  5 Pagesforever. This situation leads to the phenomenon called divorce, which unfortunately is becoming more common than ever before, and it is drastically bringing new effects in the lives of those individuals involved. Some causes for divorce vary from couple to couple, but the most frequent ones tend to be, change of women’s role in society, lack of communication, and lack of trust in the relationship. One significant cause that leads to divorce is the change in women’s roles. In the past, women dependedRead MoreEssay on Causes and Effects of Divorce620 Words   |  3 PagesCauses and Effects of Divorce Relationships are all about give and take, and to maintain them people must be willing to do the work. Today dissolution of marriage is being used as the easy way out when couples can no longer agree. Although people tend to think carefully before they get marriage, the rate of divorce continuously rise nowadays. There are three main causes of divorce: lack of communication, financial problems, and infidelity, which are explained throughout this essay. The first significantRead MoreCause and Effect Divorce Essay695 Words   |  3 PagesCriste Wise 5/17/2011 Cause and Effect Divorce People all around the world want to love and be loved. We search most our lives looking for the perfect spouse. When you think you’ve found the right one, and you’re ready to spend forever together they join as one in marriage. Nevertheless, some marriages fail and the two turn to divorce. There can be numerous reasons for a divorce. Here are three major causes: lack of communication, financial problems and cheating, which are listed below. TheRead MoreEssay on Cause and Effect of Divorce530 Words   |  3 PagesCause and Effect of Divorce â€Å"DIVORCE† – Just the sound of such word in any married couple or children’s ear can cause great agony that can even become terminal. Research and personal experience, has proven that in todays society, divorce is more common amongst newlyweds. Since 2009 the rate of divorce has increased to approximately forty percent, There are three out of every ten marriage that ends up in divorce before it reaches the stage of maturity, and the most prevalent results are – lackRead More Cause and Effect Essay - Christianity Causes Divorce727 Words   |  3 PagesCause and Effect Essay - Christianity Causes Divorce â€Å"Bible Belt Couples ‘Put Asunder’ More,† the New York Times proclaimed on May 21 of this year: â€Å"The divorce rate in many parts of the Bible Belt is roughly 50% above the national average.† So much for the notion that secularism is to blame for the decline of traditional families, among other frequently lamented social ills. Apparently, in a least a few states, the divorce rate correlates to an excess of piety, not the absence of it. WhatRead MoreEssay on The Causes and Effects of Divorce500 Words   |  2 Pages but some couples are unable to maintain their relationship, because they choose divorce as a solution to cope with the problems between husband and wife. Furthermore divorce is definitely on a rise. The effects of divorce can be detrimental to a family, but the causes of divorce can be just as bad. In this essay we will cover one of the main causes of divorce and one of the main effects. One of the main causes that marriages are not lasting is the change in the roles of woman today. Prior toRead MoreDivorce Causes in the United States Essay523 Words   |  3 Pagesmaintaining a family.†Marriages dont always last in divorce. Some spouses are unable to maintain or keep their relationship, so they divorce. when any couple wants to get married they should have something in common and share the same values, religion, beliefs or interest , so that they can minimize bad ending as break up .Divorce has physical and mental health effects especially on children and women and it can affect the whole society. Divorce between parents can be disastrous and painful on

Frankenstein, Blade Runner and the Natural World Free Essays

Continually throughout history humanity’s connection to the natural world has been probed, celebrated, mocked and forgotten in a haphazard cycle that has been classified as human nature. Through a comparison of Mary Shelley’s 19th Century didactic novel, ‘Frankenstein’ (the Modern Prometheus) and the director’s cut of Ridley Scott’s ‘Blade Runner’, a common conception of man’s place amongst nature is posed as being submissive to her dominance. Though each text shares the same values each represents its core concepts in a manner inimitable to its context, ultimately critiquing the respective society’s, bringing to light the fears that the majority of society refused to acknowledge at the time. We will write a custom essay sample on Frankenstein, Blade Runner and the Natural World or any similar topic only for you Order Now These fears centre mainly around three broad concepts; scientific discovery, industrial development and religion, which collectively invite consideration of humanity’s unabridged connection with the natural world and how it has been altered over time. In the spirit of Enlightenment, a large cultural movement in the pre-19th century world, Shelley conceived Frankenstein and, in effect, his creation. The Enlightenment movement encouraged people to turn away from faith and to start relying more on reason and the answers developments in science were beginning to supply. â€Å"A mummy again endued with animation could not be so hideous as that wretch. † The juxtaposition of the Creatures unnatural image with the romantic values of the sublime and creative genius characterises the monumental shift away from the natural. The death of her protagonist, Victor Frankenstein, represents the expectations the romantic writer has for the enlightenment movement, alluding to the inevitable doom it will bring upon humanity. By creating a juxtaposed image between Frankenstein, who is repeatedly surrounded by pejorative terms such as ‘suffer’, ‘malice’ and ‘bitter’, and his brother Ernest, characterising the latter as ‘full of activity and spirit’, Shelley places Ernest in the role of Romanticism whilst Frankenstein personifies the Enlightenment movement. Their contrasting connections to the natural world and their subsequent lives, permits Shelley to critique her own context and the ideals within it. Her views on Romanticism and Enlightenment are similar to that of Rousseau, a known philosopher who suggested that ‘†¦nothing is so gentle as man in his primitive state, when placed by nature at an equal distance from the stupidity of brutes and the fatal enlightenment of civil man. ’ This suggests that humanity’s connection with nature is essential to ensure harmony within ociety and in effect it’s survival in the world. Reinforcing this theory, Blade Runner, presents an image of this corrupted harmony and its effects on humanity. Ridley Scott’s text reveals that within his time, 178 years after ‘Frankenstein’, scientific development still held the same destructive concerns. However, by the use of film rather than text, Scott represents the fears of his society in a much more vivid app roach, preventing them from being so easily disregarded. Current technology now allowed scientists to experiment in the world of robotics and areas such as IVF, leading many to question how this would affect humanity’s natural roles within society. This is demonstrated as Scott blurs the lines between what makes a human truly human. He does this by giving the replicants human emotions and unique identities. Pris’ words ‘I think Sebastian, therefore I am’ reinforce this idea while also alluding to the evolving knowledge and skills of the artificial beings, their natural abilities to adapt and progress. These developments in science within the film have dismal consequences, ones which Scott fears for his own world, and the continuous downfall of rain is just one presentation of this, symbolic of mother nature grieving over her destruction. As times were changing in both contexts and new sciences were explored people repeatedly questioned their faith, causing many religious debates and conflicts. ‘Frankenstein’ represents common battles of moral and God, going so far as to be known as the Modern Prometheus. The reference to the Promethean myth foreshadows the consequences Frankenstein will undoubtedly have to face. Blinded by his own ambition and dreams of glory and fame he endeavours to take on the role of God by creating life and disrupting natural order. In creating his monster Frankenstein also usurps the natural role of women as child bearers, questioning their place and use within humanity. â€Å"A new species would bless me as its creator and source; many happy and excellent natures would owe their being to me. The juxtaposition of the phrase ‘excellent natures’ with the clearly unnatural give insight into the one-tracked desires of Frankenstein, not pausing to consider the moral issues surrounding his experiments. However, he ironically seems to blame God and fate for the destructive course of his life, telling Walton ‘destiny was too potent, and her immutable laws had decreed my utter and terrible destruction. ’ Faith subsequently had a ambiguous impa ct on humanity’s connection to nature, representing the ideals of natural order and the consequences of destroying it’s structure. Similarly, the role of God is also obscured in the dark scenes of Blade Runner, stemming from the lack of nature. Religious allusions are rich throughout the text, beginning within the first sequence when syncopated bursts of flames create an image resembling Dante’s hell, suggesting hell on earth. â€Å"A new life awaits you, the chance to begin again in the New World. † After destroying their own world the Tyrell corporations promises of bigger, better things are seen as a missionary act, the answer to humanity’s problems. This earns Tyrell levels of power unequitable on Earth and lead him to believe himself to be a God. The sharp cut lines and magnitude of the Tyrell building reinforces these implications as it looms over the city, placing him above the rest of humanity. However, the triumphant forces of nature come through in the final scenes as Tyrell meets his end, and natural order begins to be rectified with the death of Pris and Batty. The white light illuminating Batty’s form as his body shuts down gives him a godly image, supported by the nail protruding through his hand and the white dove that flies away, a symbol of peace and hope for restoration. This scene reinforces natures purity and the extent of its healing powers in contrast with humanity’s destructive impact on its elements. Mary Shelley and Ridley each created monumental texts with the common concepts of scientific development, industrialisation and religion. Both explore how humanity’s connection with the natural world is distorted and overshadowed by the influences of modern advances and opportunities, leading to its exploitation and neglect. How to cite Frankenstein, Blade Runner and the Natural World, Essay examples

Stress and Stress Management free essay sample

Stress resulting from major life changes, such as graduating, becoming a parent, getting fired, retirement and marriage can cause a loss of interest in or ability to perform a job because of stress and result to stress- related emotional illness. SWhen a doctor suspects that a patients illness is connected to stress, he orshe will take a careful history of recent stress (family or job problems, other illnesses, and so on). Many doctors will evaluate the patients personality as well, in order to judge how well the person copes with stress. There are a number of psychological tests that doctors can use to help diagnose the amount of stress that the patient experiences and the coping strategies used to deal with them. Stress-related illness can be diagnosed by family doctors as well as by mental health specialists. Recent advances in the understanding of the many complex connections betweenthe mind and body have produced a variety of popular ways to treat stress-related illness: †¢Medications. We will write a custom essay sample on Stress and Stress Management or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page These may include drugs to control blood pressure or other physical symptoms of stress, as well as drugs that affect thepatients mood (tranquilizers or antidepressants). †¢Stress managementprograms. These may be either individual or group treatments, and usually involve analysis of the stressors in the patients life. They often focus on job or workplace related stress. †¢Behavioral approaches. These strategies include relaxation techniques, breathing exercises, and physical exercise. †¢Massage. Therapeutic massage relieves stress by relaxing the large groups of muscles in the back, neck, arms, and legs. Cognitive therapy. These approaches teach patients to reinterpret stress in order to alter thebodys physical response. †¢Meditation and spiritual practices. Relaxing, meditating and spiritual practices can help reduce stress. Treatment of stress is one area in which the boundaries between traditional and alternative therapies have changed in recent years, in part b ecause some forms of physical exercise (yoga, tai chi, aikido) that were once considered to be fads have become widely accepted as useful parts of mainstream stress reduction programs. Other alternative therapies for stress, which are occasionally recommended by mainstream medicine, include aromatherapy, dance therapy,nutrition-based treatments (including dietary guidelines and nutritional supplements), acupuncture, and herbal medicine. The prognosis for recovery from a stress-related illness is related to a widevariety of factors in a persons life, many of which are inherited or beyondthe individuals control (economic trends, cultural stereotypes and prejudices). It is possible, however, for humans to learn new responses to stress. A persons ability to remain healthy in stressful situations is sometimes referred to as stress hardiness. Stress-hardy people have a cluster of personality traits that strengthen their ability to cope. These traits include believing in the importance of what they are doing; believing that they have somepower to influence their situation; and viewing lifes changes as positive opportunities rather than as threats. Its not possible or desirable to totally prevent stress, which is an inevitable part of life. In addition, specific strategies for preventing stress varywidely from person to person, depending on the nature and number of the stressors in a persons life, and the amount of control he or she has over thesefactors. In general, a combination of attitude and behavior changes works well for most patients. The best way to prevent stress is for parents to teach healthy attitudes and behaviors within their family.

The Great Gatsby and the American Dream Essay Example For Students

The Great Gatsby and the American Dream Essay The Great Gatsby, as with a number of F. Scott Fitzgeralds novels, has a central concern with the American Dream. It is a dream of self-betterment, wealth, and success through hard work and perseverance1. In its simplest form it is the belief that everybody has the opportunity to accomplish their hearts desire. It is this desire that helps form our opinions on a character in the novel and can ultimately lead to their downfall. The question then is, does the demise of Fitzgeralds characters, most notably James Gatz mean that The Great Gatsby is a novel showing the failures of the American dream; that it is a dream no longer relevant to modern life and the simple men cant hope to better themselves. We see this exemplified in a line from Klipspringers song; The rich get richer and the poor get children. The answer to that question is a resounding yes, but I believe that Fitzgerald redeems some aspects of the America Dream, a man who at the time of writing was enjoying the short lived, material, positive aspects of this dream. We will write a custom essay on The Great Gatsby and the American Dream specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now While Nick admires Jay unequivocally, the first time we hear of Gatsby our narrator writes, Gatsby, who represented everything for which I have an unaffected scorn. These opposing emotions can live together in Nick because Gatsby can be seen to represent two differing versions of the American Dream at once, each also apparent in other characters in the book. In James Gatz one version is only there in an attempt to realise the other, more important (for him at least) interpretation. Gatsbys quest for wealth is simply because he sees money as the way to Daisy, the more important goal for him. Gatsbys ultimate goal is one of the things that can be used to represent one of the versions of the American Dream. This is the one that can be seen as more wholesome, Gatsbys perseverance in pursuing Daisy is one of the qualities that we like and admire in Gatsby. This is the idealised American Dream that makes Gatsby great and has been evident in his life even before he met Daisy. James Gatzs attempts to better himself as a person fit in with this idealized version, removed from the corrupt, money-loving version we see represented by Daisy at times. Gatsbys schedule shows how he was striving to improve himself, his father told Nick, He always had some resolves like this or something. This side of the American Dream, shown through admirable characteristics of self-improvement and hard-work and perseverance, is what is missing for Tom and Daisy, who are happy just to be wealthy, and leads Nick to note that Daisy has an absence of all desire. They live with a different version of the American Dream than that which I have so far shown in Gatsby, though the materialistic side of the dream is also in him, in fact it is the reason James Gatz became Jay Gatsby. While you can argue whether or not it is the only reason, Jays main reason for desiring wealth is because he sees it as a means to win Daisy over. This is why Gatsby deals in the criminal underworld and associates with Meyer Wolfshiem, the mysterious callers from Philadelphia and Chicago and, of course, the infamous underground pipe-line to Canada. This is also why Gatsby is so keen to show Daisy his house and his many shirts; they are a sign of his wealth and what he thinks will change her mind from her earlier rejection of his love. This also explains the recklessness Gatsby seems to show with his money in throwing constant huge parties for people he doesnt even know. He hopes that Daisy will sooner or later walk into one and will see how his status has changed. After one of the parties Nick comments; a sudden emptiness seemed to flow now from the windows and the great doors, endowing with complete isolation the figure of the host. Gatsby keeps throwing the elaborate parties not because he wants to spend time with any of the guests that are there, but that his lost love may eventually wonder into his home. .uafd0b82101a54deb36ab4fa93e7d1927 , .uafd0b82101a54deb36ab4fa93e7d1927 .postImageUrl , .uafd0b82101a54deb36ab4fa93e7d1927 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uafd0b82101a54deb36ab4fa93e7d1927 , .uafd0b82101a54deb36ab4fa93e7d1927:hover , .uafd0b82101a54deb36ab4fa93e7d1927:visited , .uafd0b82101a54deb36ab4fa93e7d1927:active { border:0!important; } .uafd0b82101a54deb36ab4fa93e7d1927 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uafd0b82101a54deb36ab4fa93e7d1927 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uafd0b82101a54deb36ab4fa93e7d1927:active , .uafd0b82101a54deb36ab4fa93e7d1927:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uafd0b82101a54deb36ab4fa93e7d1927 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uafd0b82101a54deb36ab4fa93e7d1927 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uafd0b82101a54deb36ab4fa93e7d1927 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uafd0b82101a54deb36ab4fa93e7d1927 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uafd0b82101a54deb36ab4fa93e7d1927:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uafd0b82101a54deb36ab4fa93e7d1927 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uafd0b82101a54deb36ab4fa93e7d1927 .uafd0b82101a54deb36ab4fa93e7d1927-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uafd0b82101a54deb36ab4fa93e7d1927:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Arthur Birling and fiancee of Gerald Croft EssayWe also have to remember that he only really befriends Nick as he is a link to Daisy, though their friendship grows beyond this. Nick and the readers have ambiguous feelings towards Gatsby because he is a criminal, yet does it to achieve something so pure with an admirable, eternal hope. We also dismiss a lot of Gatsbys illegal involvement with the underground pipe-line to Canada because prohibition isnt a part of our life, and the people making the accusations are under the influence of Gatsbys alcohol. There is also his name; we are so aquatinted with Jay Gatsby that his legal name is irrelevant to us and all the characters except for his father. In short Jay can over come our limited hatred of his illegal actions because we love how he has an ideal conception of who he , which in accord with Platos belief that true reality lies in an ideal realm, beyond the material world that we encounter daily through our senses. 2 This link with Plato is born from Nicks comment on Jays platonic conception of himself. As well as Gatsby, we see a number of characters in the novel that are following a dream. Myrtle is similar to Gatsby in that her dream is to escape her reality and join a higher class in society. The difference between her and Jay is that this is the entirety of her dream, for Gatsby it is only the means to attaining his ultimate goal, Daisy. Myrtle cant be blamed solely for her materialistic nature, she is partly a product of the post-war twenties in America, where the economic boom had made a lot of items available to the masses and advertising had fuelled this desire. Myrtles husband George may also be criticised because he persistently asks Tom for the blue coupi. However George needs this car to survive; he is not like Tom who can bring a fleet of horses across the country, a fact that amazes Nick. George could be seen as the traditional American hero. He has worked hard every day of his life at building up his own business to earn money for the wife he loves but the supposed American Dream doesnt ring true for him. The difference between George and Jay is that jay has a far greater determination; he keeps on working to achieve his goals, no matter how slim his chances of success are. George resigns himself to defeat with his suicide. George doesnt enjoy the financial rewards that Tom found at birth, and his life seems to be devoid of any happiness. The biggest contributing factor to his downfall is Tom Buchanan, half of the couple that smashed up things and creatures and then retreated back into their money or their vast carelessness. He uses Georges wife as a plaything that he would throw away if things ever became inconvenient for him, just like he did with the chambermaid from the Santa Barbara Hotel. He doesnt understand how important his actions could be to the Wilsons or Daisy. Here is Americas self-centred upper class that has held George back, though become role models for people like Myrtle and the other readers of Town Tattler. His life ends in the most tragic way a suicide. This is after he has killed the novels hero and the other symbol of the admirable version of the American Dream, Jay. However the catalyst in this bloodbath, Tom, is unaffected, and we can compare him and his part in the victims lives with Nicks description of the death car, didnt stop; it came out of the gathering darkness, wavered tragically for a moment, and then disappeared around the next bend. Daisys can be seen as a destructive character like her husband Tom, but we shy away from this because we feel pity for her. What is sad about her dream is that her materialistic desires are born from a longing for security. She didnt want to take a chance with Jay when he was in the army, and she doesnt want to risk her future on the precarious wealth that Gatsby has earned from crime. This is even though she knows Tom is having an affair and isnt really too sure about Goddards books at all. No, Daisy is happy with Tom because she is safe; she needs to secure her world on more than a fairys wing. .u6be1e19cbd64014b52e303eafbb52333 , .u6be1e19cbd64014b52e303eafbb52333 .postImageUrl , .u6be1e19cbd64014b52e303eafbb52333 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6be1e19cbd64014b52e303eafbb52333 , .u6be1e19cbd64014b52e303eafbb52333:hover , .u6be1e19cbd64014b52e303eafbb52333:visited , .u6be1e19cbd64014b52e303eafbb52333:active { border:0!important; } .u6be1e19cbd64014b52e303eafbb52333 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6be1e19cbd64014b52e303eafbb52333 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6be1e19cbd64014b52e303eafbb52333:active , .u6be1e19cbd64014b52e303eafbb52333:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6be1e19cbd64014b52e303eafbb52333 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6be1e19cbd64014b52e303eafbb52333 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6be1e19cbd64014b52e303eafbb52333 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6be1e19cbd64014b52e303eafbb52333 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6be1e19cbd64014b52e303eafbb52333:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6be1e19cbd64014b52e303eafbb52333 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6be1e19cbd64014b52e303eafbb52333 .u6be1e19cbd64014b52e303eafbb52333-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6be1e19cbd64014b52e303eafbb52333:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Name of the Rose Essay SummaryUnlike Gatsby, she doesnt have a schedule and is left wondering what she will do this afternoon and the day after that, and the next thirty years? In the end it is her lack of desire that should end Gatsbys, but he dies still waiting for her to call. Daisy and Tom will continue smash up things and creatures and then retreat back into their money or their vast carelessness. It is therefore not as simple as saying that the novel either illustrates the failure of the American Dream or proves it still to be relevant. It fails the novels characters, but we are still attracted to Jay Gatsby and impressed that his dream has inspired Nick to narrate a story about a man whom he only knew for a few weeks. This makes us want the dream of self-betterment against the odds and that anything is possible if you do the work to be still realistic. The whole crux of the American Dream is that people can transcend the class divide, democracy rules and racism doesnt exist. The problem is that while these ideals were all well and good for the Dutch sailors, the 1920s America doesnt have any of the qualities needed to fulfil the Dream. They dont have the drive and desire to make an effort at improving themselves and would never dream that they could become a part of the upper class society that they are obsessed by, which in turn tries to keep the lower classes in their place. Hence, the divides between people are clearly defined and untrancendable. Toms comments about how Jay is a nobody from no where and annoyance at being associated with the lower classes through Daisys term hulking prove that modern America is like Platos republic, where the aristocracy had souls of gold and the bronze soled working classes could never overcome this difference2. Even Jays new name cant change his roots. The hardworking George fails because of big business and his simple desire to love his wife is ripped apart by Tom. The demonic influence of advertising is also shown through George, who takes an oculists advertisement as a God. Even this generations children lack James Gatzs desires, they are happy scrawling obscene words on the dead mans wall instead of following some self-improving schedule. While Gatsby can be criticised for being nai e, impractical and oversentimental3, his readiness to attempt the impossible is what the rest of his generation lack, and are worse off for it. This is why Gatsby is worth the whole damn bunch put together. The American Dream is unable to survive in the eastern America shown in Fitzgeralds book. The west may hold some hope, but men in the Gatsby mould are seen as a dying breed and the Georges and Toms are becoming more common, with the clear class divide that accompanies them. However, this novels rich couple isnt destroyed like that in The Beautiful and the Damned because here they do worse, they destroy other people. However, we do sometimes see the Dream in a nostalgic light, partly because the author is an example of a life pursuing the American Dream. F. Scott Fitzgeralds success meant that he got his Daisy (his wife, Zelda)4, but Jay fails because of external influences. The American Dream is now common among the flappers but it is the one obsessed with material items, not the self-betterment dream we see in Gatsby. Its Jays quest for love, not money that draws us to him and lets us virtually ignore his criminal connections. Jay dies still waiting for Daisys call even though it is clear for all to see that hope should be lost. It is for his extraordinary gift for hope that we admire him and want to believe that the American Dream of anything being possible for anyone who works for it can still live, but society will not allow this to happen. Nicks final romantic vision of the original Dutch settlers, full of optimism for their new home, holds hope for the Dream, though America isnt a utopia anymore and men like Gatsby will fail because of the society they live in, not the dreams they have. The Great Gatsby And The American Dream Essay Example For Students The Great Gatsby And The American Dream Essay The Great Gatsby and the American Dream The Great Gatsby is depicting the story of a young man trying to win back a long-lost love. Nick Carraway is narrating the story from the future in the order of events it happened. The story of Gatsby and Daisy is only on the surface, in fact, The Great Gatsby is communicating a larger theme. The Great Gatsby exposes the ugly truth of pursuing the American Dream. A common misconception of the American Dream is that anyone has the potential acquire a fortune and reverse the past. Gatsby is considered wealthy, but there is a difference between the rich. Gatsby earned his riches through organized crime and smuggling, Daisy is someone who is born into an aristocratic family. Opposed to Gatsby, who is vulgar, flamboyant, and does not have manners, Daisy is graceful, elegant, and charming. People from elite families like Daisy look down upon people like Gatsby who have just gained their wealth, especially through illegal means. Daisy is desensitized by her wealth. She has the sense of entitlement and selfishness, unlike Gatsby, who is selfless and sincere. We will write a custom essay on The Great Gatsby And The American Dream specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Gatsby’s behavior led his downfall, because he took the blame for Myrtle Wilson’s death even it was Daisy who killed Myrtle. He allowed himself to bear the responsibility when Daisy should have been punished instead. His death did not benefit those around him. Because of Gatsby’s death, Nick and Jordan break off their relationship, Nick returns back to the Midwest, and no one attends Gatsby’s funeral except Nick and Gatsby’s father. Gatsby’s downfall stems from his pursuit of something unworthy and unrealistic, which is Daisy. Winning back Daisy is recreating the past, which is not possible. Not only does Gatsby want to have Daisy back, Gats. .of Gatsby’s sacrifice to protect her. Ultimately, Gatsby’s fate was sealed when he decided that he wanted to become rich and impress Daisy. He was deluded with the thought that he will have succeeded with the idea of having a long-lost love without the war interfering their relationship. As Nick sits on the beach near Gatsby’s house, he closes the book by saying, â€Å"So we beat on, boats against the current, borne back ceaselessly into the past. † (189). When we chase after our American Dream, we should realize the practicality of our goal, and pursue more noble causes, not just money and luxury, and not be deluded like Gatsby. We cannot recreate our past, nor can we change it, if we try to, we are moving farther and farther away from our dreams. Works CitedFitzgerald, F. Scott, and Matthew J. Bruccoli. The Great Gatsby. New York, NY: Scribner, 1925.Print.

Unconstitutional - The Patriot Act essays

Unconstitutional - The Patriot Act essays President George Washington led the patriots through the Revolutionary War, not to conquer but to begin building the American Dream. Since that time, the Constitution that bound the colonies into the United States of America has continued to represent the preservation of freedom. This precious document was forged by the brilliant minds of our Founding Fathers, encompassing all the great ideas of past republics creating what is arguably, the greatest synergy of freedom and government ever established. The quest for freedom has been passed along from generation to generation and the Constitution has played a significant role in offering every American the possibility of standing on a common ground, experiencing true freedom and living with a sense of personal and national pride. The patriots of the Revolutionary War had a simple dream - freedom from tyranny and a functioning government to protect those freedoms. This dream had been upheld until 2001 when President George W. Bush signed the USA PATRIOT Act. The Patriot Act was designed to protect America post 9/11. The elements of this bill that have compromised the dream of freedom are FISA, Sneak and Peak, and the Strengthening the Criminal Laws against terrorism. Ironically, the named bill the USA PATRIOT Act, has quietly eroded civil liberties and has undermined the writings of the Founding Fathers. Benjamin Franklin said, "Those who would give up essential liberty, to purchase a little temporary safety, deserve neither libert y nor safety [sic]." The Patriot Act is unconstitutional and has undermined the very founding of America; the bill must be reversed for the continuation of preservation of freedom. The  Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 provides procedures for requesting judicial authorization for electronic surveillance and physical search of those engaged in espionage or international terrorism against the United States on behalf of a foreign power. (Aftergoo...

Mini Marketing Plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Mini Marketing Plan - Assignment Example The company is dedicated to the creation of the best products that are simple and consumer friendly and at the same time maintains the class the customer wants to be identified with. Mission statement stipulates that the company aims at ensuring that consumers of its products or its customer enjoy their typical day via a brief escape on their phones or devices. The company does it by providing the customers with timely interactive mobile applications and games accessible in their mobile devices. It ensures that the software; applications are easy to interact with and have some connection with current news. The development of softwares such as the Pliar mini browser and McAbby security for mobile. The company produces apps that facilitate and makes the life of the customer easier. Such apps include clubs, event and associations, entertainment, games and social, internet business processes and closed audience. Johan Mobile Technologies targets any mobile user regardless of age. The main ingredient for the target market is a phone that can hold apps and games. The phone or device should have a downloading function enabled in order to accept the apps. It is even easier to get the apps if the phone or device has an android application. The customers targeted may have a wide range of disposable income. The constituent of its customers is broadly made up of teenagers living at home, college students or those in the workforce. The company’s apps design VP of marketing or equivalent position of a mini to a large group. The organization is looking for creative promotional methods in order to familiarize the customers with its products and services. Johan Mobile Technologies pricing strategy is competitively positioned in all its products and services. The company uses the cost-oriented method in pricing the apps. By cost method, the average cost of creating an app is

Genealogy Project Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Genealogy Project - Coursework Example Chronic illness significantly affects the wider section of the population around the world. Moreover, according to the report of Centers for Disease Control, chronic illnesses are referred as one of the leading reasons of death and disability in the context of the US nation. Allergy, Asthma, Breast Cancer, Epilepsy, Heart Disease and Obesity among others are the prominent types of chronic illnesses that most of the inhabitants suffer during their lifespan. In this regard, proper healthcare is most effective in assisting individual to acquire clinical reasoning and effective management for healthcare issues. The aforesaid chart highlighted the family’s health history of three generation, which summaries the reason of their deaths. Moreover, the chart also evaluates the various chronic illnesses along with the issues that lead to the deaths among three generation of same family. In the context, it can be stated that proper clinical judgement plays an important role for the welfa re of a family in the process of taking effective measures to lessen and manage illness based on the needs of family members (University of Michigan, â€Å"What is Chronic Disease?†). The chart helped to explore the most of the significant reasons of death in the family throughout the generation. Additionally, the chart explores that my paternal grandfather had two children and paternal grandmother had four children. On the other hand, my maternal grandfather and mother had eight children of which five are females and three are males. Besides, it can be affirmed from the finding that every family member were suffering from chronic illnesses and required treatment. Moreover, the chart concluded that chronic illnesses that parental and maternal grandfather, half uncle and aunt, uncle 2 and uncle 3 was unknown. Besides, through the finding it can

Admission Essays for EMBA Admission - The University of Chicago Booth Essay - 1

Admission Essays for EMBA Admission - The University of Chicago Booth School of Business - Essay Example My current key engagement is the implementation of the new Cloud Computing Hosting Centres for the utility based services provider iTricity at Belgium, The Netherlands and Luxembourg (IBM, 2008). Cloud computing represents a new paradigm in the manner computing will be done in business enterprises. The potential of cloud computing as a business activity is very large, with estimates suggesting that the market for cloud computing in the next five years will touch $95 billion (King, 2008). Cloud computing is an emerging technology for Information Technology that provides rapid delivery of computing resources that a business enterprise requires. These resources like computing services, storage services and networking services are made available in a simplified way and on demand. Such an approach makes for rapid innovation and management of these innovations (IBM, 2009). My role in IBM’s activities in the new cloud computing services is to help business enterprises, irrespective of size, to make use of the opportunities presented by this effective computing model (IBM, 2008). My experiences as a project manager implementing innovative projects have led me to believe in the advice of Drucker 1985, p. 98 that â€Å"knowledge-based innovations can be temperamental, capricious and hard to direct†. Interacting with business leaders to understand customer what customers want and how this innovative technology would boost their business activities are an essential component of my role in the successful development of the cloud computing networks of IBM (Bower & Christensen, 1995). The purpose of cloud computing centres is to provide a solution to business enterprises, currently facing issues of ever increasing hardware and application software for their computing needs, and I will need to be able to convince business leaders that this innovative solution will create value for them (Sawhney, Wolcott & Arroniz,

The Design Of Multi Level Car Parks Tourism Essay

The Design Of Multi Level Car Parks Tourism Essay Car sales, close to 8 lakh units a year, are growing at an average rate of 10 per cent while two-wheeler sales at 5 million are expected to grow 14-15 per cent. In order to accommodate the large volume of vehicles, small cities and towns must develop their infrastructure roads, flyovers, car parks and other facilities. Otherwise their arteries are most likely to get clogged like they do in big and mini metros.   One solution may be a multi-level car parking system to maximise car parking capacity by utilising vertical space, rather than expand horizontally. Although at a nascent stage in India, it is one of the options to decongest roads and solve parking problems.   However, with land in metros and A grade cities becoming scarce and dearer, and plots getting smaller, conventional parking is proving infeasible. Sometimes soil conditions rule out excavation for multiple basements, or multiple RCC parking slabs take total building height beyond permissible limits. Sometimes it is found that the ramp or car lifts eat up much parking area that no increase in parking capacity is possible. In such case, mechanised car parking systems make creation of extra parking capacity feasible. So far three types of mechanised car parking systems puzzle, tower and mini have been operating in India. In each of these, the car is always parked or retrieved at one level only, and the stationary vehicle is carried to different levels in steel pallets.   The number of vehicles in metros is approaching one million mark. Mumbai has over 13 lakh vehicles, and up to 200 are added everyday. Suburbia Mall, Kalptaru Builders, and Evershine Builders in Mumbai are equipped with multi-level car parking system. Even towns like Chittorgarh and Jaipur are interested in multi-level car parking (also called elevated car parking system).   The puzzle system is configurable and module capacity can vary. For instance, car parking space meant for two cars can accommodate three cars. The optimum capacity of the tower type system is 50 meant for three. Fully automatic systems generally cater to higher capacities per unit. Since conventional multi-level car parks have a clear height of 9 ft. to 10 ft. above each level, they can accommodate Small Utility Vehicles also.   The mechanised system does not cater to these. It is possible to customise systems to accommodate SUVs, but it has not been done so far. Any decent capacity parking plan invariably has ground parking slots (where no mechanized system can fit), and these usually suffice for the proportion of SUVs, says Rajeev Goel, CEO, Kinetic Escalator Elevator Ltd. Depending on the type of system and order size, the mechanised parking systems installed by Kinetic cost from Rs 2 to 3.5 lakh per car. A semi-mechanised (valet parking) option is also available per car cost under one lakh. Depending on the type, its configuration and position of the pallet, it takes half to two-and-half minutes from the press of a button to an approaching car to the drive way level to park a car on it or drive away the car parked on it.   Parking charges depend on what the user is wiling to pay, and whether he has an option to park nearby without paying. A parking slot may be permanently allotted/sold/leased to the built-up area buyer/lessee. Where an owner can charge parking fees by the hour, the fee depends on demand and supply of parking space, not on the parking system. It can vary from Rs 2 a day to Rs 25 an hour.   Many state governments and civic bodies, and some Central government departments are aware of these systems and are expected to give them push. Some civic bodies have liberalised bylaws to enable builders to maximise parking capacity in their projects. Some civic bodies have also floated BoT or like tenders inviting private investment in maximising public parking capacity, according to Goel. The government shouldnt allow parking on roads, states Shree Gopal Kabra, President, Ram Ratna Group.   Goel is quite confident that the demand for car parks is an integral part of a residential or commercial complex, rather than an independent commercial venture. However, it may take years before parking fees in India reach a level at which the investment in these systems and their maintenance cost can be recovered from parking fees alone. Kabra says that a multi-level car parking system will be a success in commercial layouts. One has to club towers with ad revenues or with some other alternatives like commercial activities so that the revenue keeps flowing to the owners who implement car parking systems. Design Image of the inside of a multi-storey car park Movement of vehicles between floors can be effected by: interior ramps the most common type exterior ramps which may take the form of a circular ramp (colloquially known as a whirley-gig in America) vehicle lifts the least common In locations where the car park is built on sloping land, the car park may be split-level. Many car parks are independent buildings that are dedicated exclusively to that use. The design loads for car parks are often less than the office building they serve (50 psf versus 80 psf), leading to long floor spans of 55-60 feet that permit cars to park in rows without supporting columns in between. The most common structural systems in the United States for these structures are either prestressed concrete concrete double tee floor systems or post-tensioned cast-in-place concrete floor systems. In recent times, car parks built to serve residential and some business properties are built as part of a larger building, and often are built underground as part of the basement. Motorcycle parking inside a multi-storey car park Car parks which serve shopping centres can sometimes be built adjacent to the shopping centre so as to effect easier access at each floor between shops and parking. One example is the Mall of America in Bloomington, Minnesota, USA, which has two large car parks attached to the building at the eastern and western ends of the mall. Another common position for car parks within shopping centres in the UK is on the roof, around the various utility systems, enabling customers to take lifts straight down into the centre. Examples of such are The Oracle in Reading and Festival Place in Basingstoke. Automated parking Automatic multi-storey car parks provide lower building cost per parking slot, as they typically require less building volume and less ground area than a conventional facility with the same capacity. However, the cost of the mechanical equipment within the building that is needed to transport cars internally needs to be added to the lower building cost to determine the total costs. Other costs are usually lower too, for example there is no need for an energy intensive ventilating system, since cars are not driven inside and human cashiers or security personnel may not be needed. Automated car parks rely on similar technology that is used for mechanical handling and document retrieval. The driver leaves the car in an entrance module. It is then transported to a parking slot by a robot trolley. For the driver, the process of parking is reduced to leaving the car inside an entrance module. At peak periods a wait may be involved before entering or leaving. The wait is due to the fact that loading passengers and luggage occurs at the entrance and exit location rather than at the parked stall. This loading blocks the entrance or exit from being available to others. Whether the retrieval of vehicles is faster in an automatic car park or a self park car park depends on the layout and number of exits. Advantages: The advantages of this can be seen immediately: there is no room to build conventional multi-storey car parks above ground in the areas they are required, and under-street parking is actually more cost effective than other schemes on a per parking space basis. In addition, an automatic system brings significant savings in engineering because elevators, ramps, stairways, lighting and ventilation do not need to be provided to the same extent. The construction, however, also means the transfer of sewer, storm drains and water services from beneath the centre of the road to conduits at the side of the roads. PARKING PROCESS Cars (maximum dimension 5.25m long, 2.2m wide and 1.7m high) must be driven to one of four receiving stations (marked A to D), the entry to which is actuated by a control device which responds to a transponder chip held in the car by the user. On gaining entry the driver proceeds to correctly position / park the car on a transfer ramp and then locks and leaves the vehicle. A combination of laser scanners and light barriers will then examine the car for its positioning and dimensions. The elevator ramp is then actuated and the car is raised to its parking level and stored (cars are parked side by side). In July 2007 the Wà ¶hr Multiparker 740 equipped garage was given the ADAC Award (German Automobile Association) for the best use of space, security and reliability. On returning, the driver comes to the same transfer station (they may pay by credit card at an automated paying station) and the car will be retrieved from its storage level according to the transponder chip still held by the driver. The car is retrieved on its transfer pallet and the driver simply drives away through automated exit gates. The pallet has a lighting system which illuminates the area for two minutes while the driver gets into the car. Customer help is available via an intercom system 24 hours per day in case of breakdowns or unforeseen problems. If a car is not retrieved for its owner within two hours then the owner receives compensation from the parking operator. PROJECT 1: TECHNOLOGY TYPE SIMPARK (Completed in November, 2001) CALCUTTA, INDIA We make Calcuttans proud by introducing the Worlds First Fully Automatic Mechanized Public Multi-Level Car Parking System on a Curve, at the intersection of Park Street-Rawdon Street crossing, in a Joint Venture with the Kolkata Municipal Corporation. The ground plus two-storied computer based system, accommodates upto three times more than conventional parking. The system at Rawdon Street has been constructed to provide car-parking facility for around 210 cars on a ground area of 1260 Sq. Mtrs. Each row can individually hold on average 73 numbers of cars. The system is operated from both the ends of the structure. Each lift lobby having its own individually control panel and ticketing system. However, one can park and retrieve his/ her car from either end and vice versa. A steel pallet is designated for every car slot in the system. Whenever a car needs to be parked, the ticketing button is pressed and the entrance gate opens only after a pallet has been delivered. The driver parks his car on the pallet, engages a gear, locks his car (optional as nobody can go inside the system and your car is safe as in a vault), and walks out of the system. The tickets to the system is a simple the magnetic strip cards, which the ticket attendant swipes. From herein onwards, the computer takes over. One must remember not to lose the magnetic card as it contains information on the parked vehicle. Technologies : Simpark The beauty of this Parking system is inherent in its intrinsic simplicity. It is a modular Lego like system and therefore can be adapted to fit any size or shape of plot. Each grid has an independent lift and each floor or array of cars has its independent carrier. For every car to be parked in the system, there is a steel pallet designated when a car is to be parked, on a button being punched the entrance gate opens. The driver parks his car on the pallet, engages a gear, locks his car (optional), and walks out of the system. From herein onwards, the computer takes over. Uniquely designed lift, enables carriers to pass through lift shaft, when lift is not in the specific floor. More than one lift can be placed in each row at either end, or in the middle as required. THE PARKING PROCEDURE The PLC system computer decides, which floor, which and slot the pallet with the car is to be placed is to be parked on. Accordingly, the pallet with the car placed on it is taken up with the help of the vertical elevator system to the desired floor. The next step is that on reaching the particular floor the carrier system picking up picks up the pallet along with the car, and moving it horizontally along the structure over the other vehicles to the place assigned by the computerit slowly lowers it into the slot assigned by the system. It should be made quite clear here, that the height of each floor, is a little more than twodouble the cars height, so that the carrier transports the car above the already parked cars. Retrieval of parked cars is precisely the same operation, but in the reverse order. When the driver comes to collect his car, he gives the ticket/magnetic card, which was given to him on parking. The card is swiped and; automatically the bill for parking is generated for payment. Simultaneously the computer has issued the order for retrieval. Carrier picks up the relevant pallet, transports it over other cars and places it on the elevator. The elevator brings down the pallet. On retrieval retrieval, through a turntable, the pallet takes a turn and keeps the car is in a drive-out position. The Main gates opens automatically, driver walks in and drives out in his carfor the driver to drive out his car. The Gate close automatically and the system is on standby for the next requests. The entire system can operate, with just one ticket attendant in each lobby. In case of the remote eventuality of any problem, the same shall be reflected immediately in the master computer in the control room and the fault rectified within minutes. SERVICES OFFERED 1. Night parking. 2. Multiple Entry and Exit facilities. 3. Provision for long term booking of parking slots. 4. ATM and Vending Machine. 5. Public Call Booth. 6. Front / Backlit show windows for corporate and product advertising CONSTRUCTION DETAILS We have used RCC grid of Concrete Column and Beam only for the parking tower. There are no slabs for the parking tower. Top Roof is done with coated G.I. Sheets simply supported by Crush Structures. The structure has been designed for required dead load lift load as per I.S. Standard. Necessary construction instructions as per I.S. Construction have been provided. Elevators have been placed at both the end of the structures. The Control Panel with P.L.Cs will control the movement of the elevator and Electronic devices. Fire fighting with sprinklers system has been provided. The fire fighting system has been divided into various zones. Wet risers have also been provided. Other details have been met as per fire laws and by-laws. Round the clock, security cameras have been provided for recording the vehicles entering and exiting the system. These security cameras would also be utilized for recording the movement of people in the entire compound. Managing of a Multilevel Parking Lot using IPv6 Problem with multilevel parking lot now To find a parking space in a crowded multilevel parking facility now, the driver must be lurking around while driving. Even if not speeding, this is very dangerous. The possibility that a accident resulting in injury or death could happen is very high here. To solve this problem If a parking space at a multilevel parking lot can be found without the driver lurking around, the number of accidents can be decreased. So, I thought of attaching each curb at the parking space with a sensor using IPv6. And the open space can be checked at the entrance of the parking lot, and reach there without the driver lurking around. How to use IPv6 1) Each curb at the parking space is attached with a sensor by IPv6. First, each curb is attached with a sensor so the position and floor of the place open can be known. 2) The open space can be known by the screen placed at the entrance of the parking lot, using a sensor. Another problem If a car ahead of you parks at the place you were think of parking, this system will be useless. To solve this problem When deciding where to park at the entrance of the parking lot, a simple reservation is made, so the next person knows that the place is taken. By doing so, the driver does not have to lurk around when a person ahead of you parks at the spot he/she was thinking of parking. Image of Screen at Parking Entrance R e d- -The sensor shows that there is a car. B l u e- -It is open now, but the person ahead of you is trying to park there. White- -The space is open. The screen is a touch panel, and reservation can be done by pressing the screen, and the status of the 3rd, 4th, and all floors can be checked By making this facility, accidents at parking lots will decrease In the limelight Kolkatas first underground automated car parking system was now acting as a showpiece attracting municipal corporations from around the country. The Municipal Corporation of Delhi has already signed an agreement with Simpark for such projects at more than one station. Hi-tech bay: Cars at the underground parking lot built by Simpark Infrastructure at the New Market complex in Kolkata. The facility will be opened to the public on April 20. Kolkata April 15 Simpark Infrastructure (P) Ltd, a wholly owned subsidiary of Simplex Projects Ltd, braving several odds has just completed an underground modern automated car parking system at one of the most congested areas of the city the New Market complex, a relic of the Raj to which all Kolkatans are emotionally attached. A trip to the Market for pre-Christmas shopping is a must for both young and old. The engineering marvel 30 ft below the ground has been achieved without disturbing the red brick-stoned heritage New Market structure facing the southern faà §ade, including the fabulous clock tower to the left. Initially planned as a multi-level car park above ground, the BOT project, facing stiff resistance from the market shop establishments, was shifted below with a shopping mall at the minus one level and the actual gantry system car parking at the minus two level. Sheet piling over a period of 18 months was done to safeguard the old buildings facing the market complex. Top down construction method has been adopted (no cannibalisation of the top surface), and the gantry system can be accessed through five entry points (gates) for cars to be placed on pallets, which will take them down to the designated parking slot. Fully computerised, there will be just one person each at the entry point to operate the system, and car recovery is said to take just 90 seconds. Showpiece Cited as Kolkatas first underground automated car parking system, the project, commissioned by the Kolkata Municipal Corporation (KMC), according to Mr B.K. Mundhra, Chairman and Managing Director of Simplex Projects, was now acting as a showpiece attracting municipal corporations from around the country. He said the Municipal Corporation of Delhi has already signed an agreement with Simpark for such projects at more than one stations. Talking to Business Line on the various challenges faced during the four-year construction period of the Rs 34-crore BOT project (with a 20-year concession period) by the Simpark engineering team, Mr Mundhra said the company has been able to just about break-even. The gain for us is the immense satisfaction of having completed such a difficult project in a small stretch (just 40,000 sq ft), capable of accommodating some 280 cars. He said the KMC would get 5 per cent of the parking fees, which is projected to be around Rs 2.5 lakh annually. The main earning for KMC will be through secondary basic rent from shop owners in the plaza. This is expected to yield annually around Rs 10 lakh for KMC while providing hassle-free parking for Kolkatans. Some 150 shop owners are said to have booked space at the plaza. Asked on Simparks future plans, Mr Mundhra said the company was planning to enter the semi-automatic private retail parking segment with the Intelligent Cubicle Sliding system, for which it has entered into a strategic tie-up with a Korean company. He said orders for prototypes of the compact system, which can be installed easily at building sites to fulfil private parking needs, have already been placed. A base level model, for holding some 8-10 cars, may cost anything between Rs 1.75 lakh and Rs 2.5 lakh.

Section 78 of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 Essay -- common

To a man with a hammer everything looks like a nail. I would submit this is the case in regards to Section 78 of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984. The courts have been granted a tool and since its introduction have been wantonly applying it case after case. I will endeavour to argue that s.78 has been developed into the tool the courts sought as oppose to the tool they have been granted and the wording of the statute ignored. The point of s.78 has been glossed over and it has instead been utilized as if it were a subsection of s.76. Whilst ‘unnecessary’ is perhaps the wrong term to use the purpose of s.78 has been defeated. I would first draw attention to how section 78 of PACE should be used. A judge has the discretion to use s.78 if â€Å"the evidence would have such an adverse effect on the fairness of the proceedings that the court ought not to admit it.† The key issue here is that the exclusion has to relate to the fairness of the proceedings. Whilst is states that circumstance surrounding the manner in which the evidence was obtained are relevant, the actual reason for its exclusion remains a question of the fairness of proceedings. An example of this can be found in the case of O’Loughlin where the defendant would not be able to cross-examine the witness. This would be a strict application of s.78 where the fairness of the proceedings is adversely effected. Unfortunately cases like this are a rarity. Bernard Robertson directs us to a long list of authorities in his article where the application of s.78 is inappropriate and/or wrong . Further to this he advocates his argument that cause must proceed effect. The cause is the admission of the evidence and the effect is the unfair proceedings. Only after the cause (the ad... ...[1994] 98 Cr. App. R. 209 DPP v Marshall (Robert Dennis) [1988] 3 All E.R. 683 M. A. Gelowitz, Section 78 of the police and criminal evidence act 1984: Middle ground or no mans land?, L. Q. Rev. 327, 1990 at 329 M. A. Gelowitz, Section 78 of the police and criminal evidence act 1984: Middle ground or no mans land?, L. Q. Rev. 327, 1990 at 329 R May, Fair play at Trial: an interim assessment of section 78 of the police and criminal evidence act 1984, Criminal Law Review, 1988 R v Harwood [1989] Crim. L.R. 285 Andrew L.-T. Choo, Entrapment and Section 78 of Pace, The Cambridge Law Journal, Vol. 51, No. 2 (Jul., 1992), pp. 236-238 Andrew L.-T. Choo, Entrapment and Section 78 of Pace, The Cambridge Law Journal, Vol. 51, No. 2 (Jul., 1992), pp. 236-238 R v Gill and Ranuana [1989] Crim. L.R. 358 R v Samuel [1988] 2 WLR 920 R v Foster [1987] Crim LR 821